计算
按压力或温度查饱和蒸汽 · 过热蒸汽
饱和温度
121.0°C
在 1.04 bar(g)(绝对压力 2.053 bar)下,水在 121.0 °C 沸腾,蒸汽在此温度凝结。
| 物性 | 饱和水 | 饱和蒸汽 | 汽化 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 比容 m³/kg | 0.001061 | 0.8642 | |
| 密度 kg/m³ | 942.3 | 1.157 | |
| 焓 kJ/kg | 508.2 | 2,707.4 | 2,199.2 |
| 熵 kJ/(kg·K) | 1.5391 | 7.1181 | 5.5790 |
| 内能 kJ/kg | 508.0 | 2,530.0 |
蒸汽表
饱和蒸汽表与过热蒸汽表。
数值按 IAPWS-IF97 计算,压力均为绝对压力。下标 f 表示饱和水,g 表示饱和蒸汽,fg 表示两者之间的变化。
饱和蒸汽表(按温度)
| T °C | p bar | vf m³/kg | vg m³/kg | hf kJ/kg | hfg kJ/kg | hg kJ/kg | sf kJ/kg·K | sg kJ/kg·K |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.01 | 0.006117 | 0.001000 | 206.0 | 0.0 | 2,500.9 | 2,500.9 | 0.0000 | 9.1555 |
| 5 | 0.008726 | 0.001000 | 147.0 | 21.0 | 2,489.1 | 2,510.1 | 0.0763 | 9.0249 |
| 10 | 0.01228 | 0.001000 | 106.3 | 42.0 | 2,477.2 | 2,519.2 | 0.1511 | 8.8998 |
| 15 | 0.01706 | 0.001001 | 77.88 | 63.0 | 2,465.4 | 2,528.4 | 0.2245 | 8.7804 |
| 20 | 0.02339 | 0.001002 | 57.76 | 83.9 | 2,453.5 | 2,537.5 | 0.2965 | 8.6661 |
| 25 | 0.03170 | 0.001003 | 43.34 | 104.8 | 2,441.7 | 2,546.5 | 0.3673 | 8.5568 |
| 30 | 0.04247 | 0.001004 | 32.88 | 125.7 | 2,429.8 | 2,555.6 | 0.4368 | 8.4521 |
| 35 | 0.05629 | 0.001006 | 25.21 | 146.6 | 2,417.9 | 2,564.6 | 0.5052 | 8.3518 |
| 40 | 0.07384 | 0.001008 | 19.52 | 167.5 | 2,406.0 | 2,573.5 | 0.5724 | 8.2557 |
| 45 | 0.09594 | 0.001010 | 15.25 | 188.4 | 2,394.0 | 2,582.5 | 0.6386 | 8.1634 |
| 50 | 0.1235 | 0.001012 | 12.03 | 209.3 | 2,382.0 | 2,591.3 | 0.7038 | 8.0749 |
| 55 | 0.1576 | 0.001015 | 9.565 | 230.2 | 2,369.9 | 2,600.1 | 0.7680 | 7.9899 |
| 60 | 0.1995 | 0.001017 | 7.668 | 251.2 | 2,357.7 | 2,608.8 | 0.8312 | 7.9082 |
| 65 | 0.2504 | 0.001020 | 6.194 | 272.1 | 2,345.4 | 2,617.5 | 0.8935 | 7.8296 |
| 70 | 0.3120 | 0.001023 | 5.040 | 293.0 | 2,333.1 | 2,626.1 | 0.9550 | 7.7540 |
| 75 | 0.3860 | 0.001026 | 4.129 | 314.0 | 2,320.6 | 2,634.6 | 1.0156 | 7.6812 |
| 80 | 0.4741 | 0.001029 | 3.405 | 334.9 | 2,308.1 | 2,643.0 | 1.0754 | 7.6110 |
| 85 | 0.5787 | 0.001032 | 2.826 | 355.9 | 2,295.4 | 2,651.3 | 1.1344 | 7.5434 |
| 90 | 0.7018 | 0.001036 | 2.359 | 377.0 | 2,282.6 | 2,659.5 | 1.1927 | 7.4781 |
| 95 | 0.8461 | 0.001040 | 1.981 | 398.0 | 2,269.6 | 2,667.6 | 1.2502 | 7.4150 |
| 100 | 1.014 | 0.001043 | 1.672 | 419.1 | 2,256.5 | 2,675.6 | 1.3070 | 7.3541 |
| 110 | 1.434 | 0.001052 | 1.209 | 461.4 | 2,229.7 | 2,691.1 | 1.4187 | 7.2380 |
| 120 | 1.987 | 0.001060 | 0.8913 | 503.8 | 2,202.1 | 2,705.9 | 1.5278 | 7.1291 |
| 121 | 2.050 | 0.001061 | 0.8653 | 508.0 | 2,199.3 | 2,707.4 | 1.5386 | 7.1186 |
| 130 | 2.703 | 0.001070 | 0.6681 | 546.4 | 2,173.7 | 2,720.1 | 1.6346 | 7.0264 |
| 134 | 3.042 | 0.001074 | 0.5979 | 563.5 | 2,162.0 | 2,725.5 | 1.6767 | 6.9869 |
| 140 | 3.615 | 0.001080 | 0.5085 | 589.2 | 2,144.2 | 2,733.4 | 1.7393 | 6.9293 |
| 150 | 4.761 | 0.001091 | 0.3925 | 632.3 | 2,113.7 | 2,745.9 | 1.8420 | 6.8370 |
| 160 | 6.181 | 0.001102 | 0.3068 | 675.6 | 2,081.9 | 2,757.4 | 1.9428 | 6.7491 |
| 170 | 7.921 | 0.001114 | 0.2426 | 719.2 | 2,048.7 | 2,767.9 | 2.0419 | 6.6649 |
| 180 | 10.03 | 0.001127 | 0.1939 | 763.2 | 2,014.0 | 2,777.2 | 2.1395 | 6.5841 |
| 190 | 12.55 | 0.001141 | 0.1564 | 807.6 | 1,977.7 | 2,785.3 | 2.2358 | 6.5060 |
| 200 | 15.55 | 0.001157 | 0.1272 | 852.4 | 1,939.7 | 2,792.1 | 2.3308 | 6.4303 |
| 210 | 19.07 | 0.001173 | 0.1043 | 897.7 | 1,899.6 | 2,797.4 | 2.4248 | 6.3565 |
| 220 | 23.19 | 0.001190 | 0.08610 | 943.6 | 1,857.4 | 2,801.1 | 2.5178 | 6.2842 |
| 230 | 27.97 | 0.001209 | 0.07151 | 990.2 | 1,812.8 | 2,803.0 | 2.6102 | 6.2131 |
| 240 | 33.47 | 0.001229 | 0.05971 | 1,037.5 | 1,765.5 | 2,803.1 | 2.7019 | 6.1425 |
| 250 | 39.76 | 0.001252 | 0.05009 | 1,085.7 | 1,715.3 | 2,801.0 | 2.7934 | 6.0722 |
| 260 | 46.92 | 0.001276 | 0.04218 | 1,134.8 | 1,661.8 | 2,796.6 | 2.8847 | 6.0017 |
| 270 | 55.03 | 0.001303 | 0.03562 | 1,185.1 | 1,604.6 | 2,789.7 | 2.9762 | 5.9304 |
| 280 | 64.16 | 0.001333 | 0.03015 | 1,236.7 | 1,543.2 | 2,779.8 | 3.0681 | 5.8578 |
| 290 | 74.42 | 0.001366 | 0.02556 | 1,289.8 | 1,476.8 | 2,766.6 | 3.1608 | 5.7832 |
| 300 | 85.88 | 0.001404 | 0.02166 | 1,344.8 | 1,404.8 | 2,749.6 | 3.2547 | 5.7058 |
| 310 | 98.65 | 0.001448 | 0.01834 | 1,402.0 | 1,325.9 | 2,727.9 | 3.3506 | 5.6243 |
| 320 | 112.8 | 0.001499 | 0.01548 | 1,462.1 | 1,238.6 | 2,700.7 | 3.4491 | 5.5373 |
| 330 | 128.6 | 0.001561 | 0.01298 | 1,525.7 | 1,140.5 | 2,666.2 | 3.5516 | 5.4425 |
| 340 | 146.0 | 0.001638 | 0.01078 | 1,594.4 | 1,027.6 | 2,622.1 | 3.6599 | 5.3359 |
| 350 | 165.3 | 0.001740 | 0.008801 | 1,670.9 | 892.7 | 2,563.6 | 3.7783 | 5.2109 |
饱和蒸汽表(按压力)
| p bar | T °C | vg m³/kg | ρg kg/m³ | hf kJ/kg | hfg kJ/kg | hg kJ/kg | sf kJ/kg·K | sg kJ/kg·K |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0100 | 6.97 | 129.2 | 0.007741 | 29.3 | 2,484.4 | 2,513.7 | 0.1059 | 8.9749 |
| 0.0200 | 17.50 | 66.99 | 0.01493 | 73.4 | 2,459.5 | 2,532.9 | 0.2606 | 8.7227 |
| 0.0500 | 32.88 | 28.19 | 0.03548 | 137.8 | 2,423.0 | 2,560.8 | 0.4763 | 8.3939 |
| 0.100 | 45.81 | 14.67 | 0.06816 | 191.8 | 2,392.1 | 2,583.9 | 0.6492 | 8.1489 |
| 0.200 | 60.06 | 7.648 | 0.1308 | 251.4 | 2,357.5 | 2,608.9 | 0.8320 | 7.9072 |
| 0.300 | 69.10 | 5.229 | 0.1913 | 289.2 | 2,335.3 | 2,624.6 | 0.9439 | 7.7675 |
| 0.500 | 81.32 | 3.240 | 0.3086 | 340.5 | 2,304.7 | 2,645.2 | 1.0910 | 7.5930 |
| 0.700 | 89.93 | 2.365 | 0.4229 | 376.7 | 2,282.7 | 2,659.4 | 1.1919 | 7.4790 |
| 1.00 | 99.61 | 1.694 | 0.5903 | 417.4 | 2,257.5 | 2,674.9 | 1.3026 | 7.3588 |
| 1.01325 | 99.97 | 1.673 | 0.5976 | 419.0 | 2,256.5 | 2,675.5 | 1.3067 | 7.3544 |
| 1.50 | 111.35 | 1.159 | 0.8625 | 467.1 | 2,226.0 | 2,693.1 | 1.4335 | 7.2229 |
| 2.00 | 120.21 | 0.8857 | 1.129 | 504.7 | 2,201.6 | 2,706.2 | 1.5301 | 7.1269 |
| 2.50 | 127.41 | 0.7187 | 1.391 | 535.4 | 2,181.2 | 2,716.5 | 1.6072 | 7.0524 |
| 3.00 | 133.53 | 0.6058 | 1.651 | 561.5 | 2,163.4 | 2,724.9 | 1.6718 | 6.9916 |
| 3.50 | 138.86 | 0.5242 | 1.908 | 584.3 | 2,147.7 | 2,732.0 | 1.7275 | 6.9401 |
| 4.00 | 143.61 | 0.4624 | 2.163 | 604.7 | 2,133.3 | 2,738.1 | 1.7766 | 6.8954 |
| 4.50 | 147.91 | 0.4139 | 2.416 | 623.2 | 2,120.2 | 2,743.4 | 1.8206 | 6.8560 |
| 5.00 | 151.84 | 0.3748 | 2.668 | 640.2 | 2,107.9 | 2,748.1 | 1.8606 | 6.8206 |
| 6.00 | 158.83 | 0.3156 | 3.169 | 670.5 | 2,085.6 | 2,756.1 | 1.9311 | 6.7592 |
| 7.00 | 164.95 | 0.2728 | 3.666 | 697.1 | 2,065.6 | 2,762.7 | 1.9921 | 6.7070 |
| 8.00 | 170.41 | 0.2403 | 4.161 | 721.0 | 2,047.3 | 2,768.3 | 2.0460 | 6.6615 |
| 9.00 | 175.36 | 0.2149 | 4.654 | 742.7 | 2,030.3 | 2,773.0 | 2.0944 | 6.6212 |
| 10.0 | 179.89 | 0.1943 | 5.145 | 762.7 | 2,014.4 | 2,777.1 | 2.1384 | 6.5850 |
| 12.0 | 187.96 | 0.1632 | 6.126 | 798.5 | 1,985.3 | 2,783.8 | 2.2163 | 6.5217 |
| 14.0 | 195.05 | 0.1408 | 7.104 | 830.1 | 1,958.8 | 2,788.9 | 2.2839 | 6.4675 |
| 16.0 | 201.38 | 0.1237 | 8.082 | 858.6 | 1,934.3 | 2,792.9 | 2.3438 | 6.4200 |
| 18.0 | 207.12 | 0.1104 | 9.061 | 884.6 | 1,911.4 | 2,796.0 | 2.3978 | 6.3776 |
| 20.0 | 212.38 | 0.09958 | 10.04 | 908.6 | 1,889.8 | 2,798.4 | 2.4470 | 6.3392 |
| 25.0 | 223.96 | 0.07995 | 12.51 | 962.0 | 1,840.1 | 2,802.0 | 2.5544 | 6.2560 |
| 30.0 | 233.86 | 0.06666 | 15.00 | 1,008.4 | 1,794.9 | 2,803.3 | 2.6456 | 6.1858 |
| 35.0 | 242.56 | 0.05706 | 17.53 | 1,049.8 | 1,753.0 | 2,802.7 | 2.7254 | 6.1245 |
| 40.0 | 250.36 | 0.04978 | 20.09 | 1,087.4 | 1,713.5 | 2,800.9 | 2.7967 | 6.0697 |
| 50.0 | 263.94 | 0.03945 | 25.35 | 1,154.5 | 1,639.7 | 2,794.2 | 2.9207 | 5.9737 |
| 60.0 | 275.59 | 0.03245 | 30.82 | 1,213.7 | 1,570.8 | 2,784.6 | 3.0274 | 5.8901 |
| 70.0 | 285.83 | 0.02738 | 36.52 | 1,267.4 | 1,505.1 | 2,772.6 | 3.1220 | 5.8146 |
| 80.0 | 295.01 | 0.02353 | 42.50 | 1,317.1 | 1,441.5 | 2,758.6 | 3.2077 | 5.7448 |
| 90.0 | 303.35 | 0.02049 | 48.80 | 1,363.7 | 1,379.2 | 2,742.9 | 3.2866 | 5.6790 |
| 100 | 311.00 | 0.01803 | 55.45 | 1,407.9 | 1,317.6 | 2,725.5 | 3.3603 | 5.6159 |
| 120 | 324.68 | 0.01427 | 70.08 | 1,491.3 | 1,194.3 | 2,685.6 | 3.4965 | 5.4941 |
| 140 | 336.67 | 0.01149 | 87.04 | 1,570.9 | 1,067.2 | 2,638.1 | 3.6230 | 5.3730 |
| 160 | 347.36 | 0.009308 | 107.4 | 1,649.7 | 931.1 | 2,580.8 | 3.7457 | 5.2463 |
过热蒸汽表
| T °C | v m³/kg | h kJ/kg | s kJ/kg·K |
|---|---|---|---|
| 99.61 饱和 | 1.694 | 2,674.9 | 7.3588 |
| 150 | 1.937 | 2,776.6 | 7.6147 |
| 200 | 2.172 | 2,875.5 | 7.8356 |
| 250 | 2.406 | 2,974.5 | 8.0346 |
| 300 | 2.639 | 3,074.5 | 8.2171 |
| 350 | 2.871 | 3,175.8 | 8.3865 |
| 400 | 3.103 | 3,278.5 | 8.5451 |
| 450 | 3.334 | 3,382.8 | 8.6945 |
| 500 | 3.566 | 3,488.7 | 8.8361 |
| 600 | 4.028 | 3,705.6 | 9.0998 |
| 700 | 4.490 | 3,929.4 | 9.3424 |
| 800 | 4.952 | 4,160.2 | 9.5681 |
| T °C | v m³/kg | h kJ/kg | s kJ/kg·K |
|---|---|---|---|
| 151.84 饱和 | 0.3748 | 2,748.1 | 6.8206 |
| 200 | 0.4250 | 2,855.9 | 7.0611 |
| 250 | 0.4744 | 2,961.1 | 7.2726 |
| 300 | 0.5226 | 3,064.6 | 7.4614 |
| 350 | 0.5701 | 3,168.1 | 7.6345 |
| 400 | 0.6173 | 3,272.3 | 7.7954 |
| 450 | 0.6642 | 3,377.7 | 7.9464 |
| 500 | 0.7109 | 3,484.4 | 8.0891 |
| 600 | 0.8041 | 3,702.5 | 8.3543 |
| 700 | 0.8970 | 3,927.0 | 8.5977 |
| 800 | 0.9897 | 4,158.4 | 8.8240 |
| T °C | v m³/kg | h kJ/kg | s kJ/kg·K |
|---|---|---|---|
| 179.89 饱和 | 0.1943 | 2,777.1 | 6.5850 |
| 200 | 0.2060 | 2,828.3 | 6.6955 |
| 250 | 0.2327 | 2,943.2 | 6.9266 |
| 300 | 0.2580 | 3,051.7 | 7.1247 |
| 350 | 0.2825 | 3,158.2 | 7.3028 |
| 400 | 0.3066 | 3,264.4 | 7.4668 |
| 450 | 0.3304 | 3,371.2 | 7.6198 |
| 500 | 0.3541 | 3,479.0 | 7.7640 |
| 600 | 0.4011 | 3,698.6 | 8.0309 |
| 700 | 0.4478 | 3,924.1 | 8.2755 |
| 800 | 0.4944 | 4,156.1 | 8.5024 |
| T °C | v m³/kg | h kJ/kg | s kJ/kg·K |
|---|---|---|---|
| 212.38 饱和 | 0.09958 | 2,798.4 | 6.3392 |
| 250 | 0.1115 | 2,903.2 | 6.5474 |
| 300 | 0.1255 | 3,024.3 | 6.7685 |
| 350 | 0.1386 | 3,137.6 | 6.9582 |
| 400 | 0.1512 | 3,248.2 | 7.1290 |
| 450 | 0.1635 | 3,358.1 | 7.2863 |
| 500 | 0.1757 | 3,468.1 | 7.4335 |
| 600 | 0.1996 | 3,690.7 | 7.7042 |
| 700 | 0.2233 | 3,918.2 | 7.9509 |
| 800 | 0.2467 | 4,151.6 | 8.1791 |
| T °C | v m³/kg | h kJ/kg | s kJ/kg·K |
|---|---|---|---|
| 250.36 饱和 | 0.04978 | 2,800.9 | 6.0697 |
| 300 | 0.05887 | 2,961.7 | 6.3638 |
| 350 | 0.06647 | 3,093.3 | 6.5843 |
| 400 | 0.07343 | 3,214.4 | 6.7712 |
| 450 | 0.08004 | 3,331.0 | 6.9383 |
| 500 | 0.08644 | 3,445.8 | 7.0919 |
| 600 | 0.09886 | 3,674.8 | 7.3704 |
| 700 | 0.1110 | 3,906.4 | 7.6215 |
| 800 | 0.1229 | 4,142.5 | 7.8523 |
| T °C | v m³/kg | h kJ/kg | s kJ/kg·K |
|---|---|---|---|
| 311.00 饱和 | 0.01803 | 2,725.5 | 5.6159 |
| 350 | 0.02244 | 2,924.0 | 5.9458 |
| 400 | 0.02644 | 3,097.4 | 6.2139 |
| 450 | 0.02978 | 3,242.3 | 6.4217 |
| 500 | 0.03281 | 3,375.1 | 6.5993 |
| 600 | 0.03838 | 3,625.8 | 6.9045 |
| 700 | 0.04359 | 3,870.3 | 7.1696 |
| 800 | 0.04862 | 4,114.7 | 7.4087 |
来源:IAPWS R7-97(2012),Revised Release on the IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam。数值适用于纯水;仅供工程参考,并非认证计算。
如何查表
读数之前要确认的三件事。
-
01
绝对压力还是表压
蒸汽表使用绝对压力。压力表显示的是高于大气压的部分,所以查表前要把读数加上 1.013 bar(14.7 psi):2 bar(g) 即 3.013 bar(a)。
-
02
饱和还是过热
饱和蒸汽正处在沸腾线上:压力决定温度。过热蒸汽温度更高,需要两个值。若温度高于该压力下的饱和温度,请查过热蒸汽表。
-
03
两行之间
纸质蒸汽表需要在两行之间插值。上面的计算器可直接给出范围内任意压力或温度的精确值。
工厂里的蒸汽
这些数字对软管意味着什么。
- 121 °C · 1.04 bar(g)
- 制药和生物技术中经典的蒸汽灭菌(SIP)周期:饱和蒸汽保持 15–30 分钟。
- 134 °C · 2.03 bar(g)
- 更短、更高温的灭菌周期,常用于多孔负载和器械。
- 144–165 °C · 3–6 bar(g)
- 用于清洗、加热夹套和工艺管线的工厂蒸汽。
蒸汽软管必须按其最高压力对应的饱和温度认证,而不仅仅是压力。请在数据表上同时核对两者,并为减压阀后的过热留出余量。
常见问题
工程师关于蒸汽的提问。
01 什么是蒸汽表?
列出水和水蒸气物性的表格:对每个压力或温度,给出饱和点以及液体和蒸汽的比容、密度、焓、熵和内能。工程师用它来设计蒸汽管线、换热器和灭菌周期。
02 1 bar 时蒸汽的温度是多少?
在 1 bar 绝对压力下,饱和蒸汽为 99.61 °C;在大气压 1.01325 bar 下为 99.97 °C;在 1 bar 表压(2.013 bar 绝对压力)下为 120.4 °C。
03 饱和蒸汽和过热蒸汽有什么区别?
饱和蒸汽与液态水处于平衡:其温度由压力决定。过热蒸汽被加热到超过这一点,因此不含水滴,温度和压力相互独立。
04 为什么 SIP 在 121 °C 进行?
在 121 °C 下,饱和蒸汽可在 15–30 分钟的周期内杀灭耐热芽孢。所需压力约为 1.04 bar(g),即 2.05 bar 绝对压力。若为 134 °C,压力升至约 2.03 bar(g)。
05 计算器采用哪种公式?
IAPWS-IF97,即国际水和水蒸气性质协会 1997 年工业公式:区域 1(液体)、区域 2(蒸汽)和区域 4(饱和线)。代码已按该标准的验证值核对。
06 任何软管都能用于蒸汽吗?
不能。软管必须按与其压力对应的温度获得蒸汽认证,内层在饱和蒸汽中不老化,例如 EPDM 或铂金硫化硅胶。请把工况发给我们,工程师会为您推荐。