Steam table Pressure in, temperature out.

Saturated and superheated steam by pressure or temperature: saturation point, specific volume, enthalpy and entropy, worked out with IAPWS-IF97.

Title block

Formulation: IAPWS-IF97
Saturated: 0.01–350 °C · up to 165 bar
Superheated: Up to 100 bar · 800 °C
Pressure: bar(a), bar(g), MPa, kPa, psi
Temperature: °C, °F, K
Output: T · p · v · ρ · h · s · u

Calculate

Saturated by pressure or temperature · superheated

What to look up By pressure By temperature Superheated

Pressure

Temperature

Pressure

Temperature

Gauge pressure is measured from atmospheric pressure, 1.01325 bar.

Saturation temperature

121.0°C

At 1.04 bar(g) (2.053 bar absolute), water boils and steam condenses at 121.0 °C.

Property	Saturated liquid	Saturated steam	Evaporation
Specific volume m³/kg	0.001061	0.8642
Density kg/m³	942.3	1.157
Enthalpy kJ/kg	508.2	2,707.4	2,199.2
Entropy kJ/(kg·K)	1.5391	7.1181	5.5790
Internal energy kJ/kg	508.0	2,530.0

Thermometer: the saturation temperature, IAPWS-IF97Pressure gauge, 0–10 bar(g)A SIP sterilizer fed with steam through a hose from a pressure regulator. Turn the handwheel and the pressure rises; the thermometer settles on the temperature saturated steam has at that pressure. The two dials are the two columns of a steam table. Through the window, the steam gets denser as the pressure rises and the condensate boils when it drops; at 7.5 bar(g) the safety valve lifts.

Steam tables

Saturated and superheated steam tables.

Values from IAPWS-IF97. Pressures are absolute. Subscript f is the saturated liquid, g the saturated steam and fg the change between them.

Saturated steam table by temperature

T °C	p bar	vf m³/kg	vg m³/kg	hf kJ/kg	hfg kJ/kg	hg kJ/kg	sf kJ/kg·K	sg kJ/kg·K
0.01	0.006117	0.001000	206.0	0.0	2,500.9	2,500.9	0.0000	9.1555
5	0.008726	0.001000	147.0	21.0	2,489.1	2,510.1	0.0763	9.0249
10	0.01228	0.001000	106.3	42.0	2,477.2	2,519.2	0.1511	8.8998
15	0.01706	0.001001	77.88	63.0	2,465.4	2,528.4	0.2245	8.7804
20	0.02339	0.001002	57.76	83.9	2,453.5	2,537.5	0.2965	8.6661
25	0.03170	0.001003	43.34	104.8	2,441.7	2,546.5	0.3673	8.5568
30	0.04247	0.001004	32.88	125.7	2,429.8	2,555.6	0.4368	8.4521
35	0.05629	0.001006	25.21	146.6	2,417.9	2,564.6	0.5052	8.3518
40	0.07384	0.001008	19.52	167.5	2,406.0	2,573.5	0.5724	8.2557
45	0.09594	0.001010	15.25	188.4	2,394.0	2,582.5	0.6386	8.1634
50	0.1235	0.001012	12.03	209.3	2,382.0	2,591.3	0.7038	8.0749
55	0.1576	0.001015	9.565	230.2	2,369.9	2,600.1	0.7680	7.9899
60	0.1995	0.001017	7.668	251.2	2,357.7	2,608.8	0.8312	7.9082
65	0.2504	0.001020	6.194	272.1	2,345.4	2,617.5	0.8935	7.8296
70	0.3120	0.001023	5.040	293.0	2,333.1	2,626.1	0.9550	7.7540
75	0.3860	0.001026	4.129	314.0	2,320.6	2,634.6	1.0156	7.6812
80	0.4741	0.001029	3.405	334.9	2,308.1	2,643.0	1.0754	7.6110
85	0.5787	0.001032	2.826	355.9	2,295.4	2,651.3	1.1344	7.5434
90	0.7018	0.001036	2.359	377.0	2,282.6	2,659.5	1.1927	7.4781
95	0.8461	0.001040	1.981	398.0	2,269.6	2,667.6	1.2502	7.4150
100	1.014	0.001043	1.672	419.1	2,256.5	2,675.6	1.3070	7.3541
110	1.434	0.001052	1.209	461.4	2,229.7	2,691.1	1.4187	7.2380
120	1.987	0.001060	0.8913	503.8	2,202.1	2,705.9	1.5278	7.1291
121	2.050	0.001061	0.8653	508.0	2,199.3	2,707.4	1.5386	7.1186
130	2.703	0.001070	0.6681	546.4	2,173.7	2,720.1	1.6346	7.0264
134	3.042	0.001074	0.5979	563.5	2,162.0	2,725.5	1.6767	6.9869
140	3.615	0.001080	0.5085	589.2	2,144.2	2,733.4	1.7393	6.9293
150	4.761	0.001091	0.3925	632.3	2,113.7	2,745.9	1.8420	6.8370
160	6.181	0.001102	0.3068	675.6	2,081.9	2,757.4	1.9428	6.7491
170	7.921	0.001114	0.2426	719.2	2,048.7	2,767.9	2.0419	6.6649
180	10.03	0.001127	0.1939	763.2	2,014.0	2,777.2	2.1395	6.5841
190	12.55	0.001141	0.1564	807.6	1,977.7	2,785.3	2.2358	6.5060
200	15.55	0.001157	0.1272	852.4	1,939.7	2,792.1	2.3308	6.4303
210	19.07	0.001173	0.1043	897.7	1,899.6	2,797.4	2.4248	6.3565
220	23.19	0.001190	0.08610	943.6	1,857.4	2,801.1	2.5178	6.2842
230	27.97	0.001209	0.07151	990.2	1,812.8	2,803.0	2.6102	6.2131
240	33.47	0.001229	0.05971	1,037.5	1,765.5	2,803.1	2.7019	6.1425
250	39.76	0.001252	0.05009	1,085.7	1,715.3	2,801.0	2.7934	6.0722
260	46.92	0.001276	0.04218	1,134.8	1,661.8	2,796.6	2.8847	6.0017
270	55.03	0.001303	0.03562	1,185.1	1,604.6	2,789.7	2.9762	5.9304
280	64.16	0.001333	0.03015	1,236.7	1,543.2	2,779.8	3.0681	5.8578
290	74.42	0.001366	0.02556	1,289.8	1,476.8	2,766.6	3.1608	5.7832
300	85.88	0.001404	0.02166	1,344.8	1,404.8	2,749.6	3.2547	5.7058
310	98.65	0.001448	0.01834	1,402.0	1,325.9	2,727.9	3.3506	5.6243
320	112.8	0.001499	0.01548	1,462.1	1,238.6	2,700.7	3.4491	5.5373
330	128.6	0.001561	0.01298	1,525.7	1,140.5	2,666.2	3.5516	5.4425
340	146.0	0.001638	0.01078	1,594.4	1,027.6	2,622.1	3.6599	5.3359
350	165.3	0.001740	0.008801	1,670.9	892.7	2,563.6	3.7783	5.2109

Saturated steam table by pressure

p bar	T °C	vg m³/kg	ρg kg/m³	hf kJ/kg	hfg kJ/kg	hg kJ/kg	sf kJ/kg·K	sg kJ/kg·K
0.0100	6.97	129.2	0.007741	29.3	2,484.4	2,513.7	0.1059	8.9749
0.0200	17.50	66.99	0.01493	73.4	2,459.5	2,532.9	0.2606	8.7227
0.0500	32.88	28.19	0.03548	137.8	2,423.0	2,560.8	0.4763	8.3939
0.100	45.81	14.67	0.06816	191.8	2,392.1	2,583.9	0.6492	8.1489
0.200	60.06	7.648	0.1308	251.4	2,357.5	2,608.9	0.8320	7.9072
0.300	69.10	5.229	0.1913	289.2	2,335.3	2,624.6	0.9439	7.7675
0.500	81.32	3.240	0.3086	340.5	2,304.7	2,645.2	1.0910	7.5930
0.700	89.93	2.365	0.4229	376.7	2,282.7	2,659.4	1.1919	7.4790
1.00	99.61	1.694	0.5903	417.4	2,257.5	2,674.9	1.3026	7.3588
1.01325	99.97	1.673	0.5976	419.0	2,256.5	2,675.5	1.3067	7.3544
1.50	111.35	1.159	0.8625	467.1	2,226.0	2,693.1	1.4335	7.2229
2.00	120.21	0.8857	1.129	504.7	2,201.6	2,706.2	1.5301	7.1269
2.50	127.41	0.7187	1.391	535.4	2,181.2	2,716.5	1.6072	7.0524
3.00	133.53	0.6058	1.651	561.5	2,163.4	2,724.9	1.6718	6.9916
3.50	138.86	0.5242	1.908	584.3	2,147.7	2,732.0	1.7275	6.9401
4.00	143.61	0.4624	2.163	604.7	2,133.3	2,738.1	1.7766	6.8954
4.50	147.91	0.4139	2.416	623.2	2,120.2	2,743.4	1.8206	6.8560
5.00	151.84	0.3748	2.668	640.2	2,107.9	2,748.1	1.8606	6.8206
6.00	158.83	0.3156	3.169	670.5	2,085.6	2,756.1	1.9311	6.7592
7.00	164.95	0.2728	3.666	697.1	2,065.6	2,762.7	1.9921	6.7070
8.00	170.41	0.2403	4.161	721.0	2,047.3	2,768.3	2.0460	6.6615
9.00	175.36	0.2149	4.654	742.7	2,030.3	2,773.0	2.0944	6.6212
10.0	179.89	0.1943	5.145	762.7	2,014.4	2,777.1	2.1384	6.5850
12.0	187.96	0.1632	6.126	798.5	1,985.3	2,783.8	2.2163	6.5217
14.0	195.05	0.1408	7.104	830.1	1,958.8	2,788.9	2.2839	6.4675
16.0	201.38	0.1237	8.082	858.6	1,934.3	2,792.9	2.3438	6.4200
18.0	207.12	0.1104	9.061	884.6	1,911.4	2,796.0	2.3978	6.3776
20.0	212.38	0.09958	10.04	908.6	1,889.8	2,798.4	2.4470	6.3392
25.0	223.96	0.07995	12.51	962.0	1,840.1	2,802.0	2.5544	6.2560
30.0	233.86	0.06666	15.00	1,008.4	1,794.9	2,803.3	2.6456	6.1858
35.0	242.56	0.05706	17.53	1,049.8	1,753.0	2,802.7	2.7254	6.1245
40.0	250.36	0.04978	20.09	1,087.4	1,713.5	2,800.9	2.7967	6.0697
50.0	263.94	0.03945	25.35	1,154.5	1,639.7	2,794.2	2.9207	5.9737
60.0	275.59	0.03245	30.82	1,213.7	1,570.8	2,784.6	3.0274	5.8901
70.0	285.83	0.02738	36.52	1,267.4	1,505.1	2,772.6	3.1220	5.8146
80.0	295.01	0.02353	42.50	1,317.1	1,441.5	2,758.6	3.2077	5.7448
90.0	303.35	0.02049	48.80	1,363.7	1,379.2	2,742.9	3.2866	5.6790
100	311.00	0.01803	55.45	1,407.9	1,317.6	2,725.5	3.3603	5.6159
120	324.68	0.01427	70.08	1,491.3	1,194.3	2,685.6	3.4965	5.4941
140	336.67	0.01149	87.04	1,570.9	1,067.2	2,638.1	3.6230	5.3730
160	347.36	0.009308	107.4	1,649.7	931.1	2,580.8	3.7457	5.2463

Superheated steam table

1.00 bar · saturation 99.61 °C
T °C	v m³/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kg·K
99.61 sat.	1.694	2,674.9	7.3588
150	1.937	2,776.6	7.6147
200	2.172	2,875.5	7.8356
250	2.406	2,974.5	8.0346
300	2.639	3,074.5	8.2171
350	2.871	3,175.8	8.3865
400	3.103	3,278.5	8.5451
450	3.334	3,382.8	8.6945
500	3.566	3,488.7	8.8361
600	4.028	3,705.6	9.0998
700	4.490	3,929.4	9.3424
800	4.952	4,160.2	9.5681

5.00 bar · saturation 151.84 °C
T °C	v m³/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kg·K
151.84 sat.	0.3748	2,748.1	6.8206
200	0.4250	2,855.9	7.0611
250	0.4744	2,961.1	7.2726
300	0.5226	3,064.6	7.4614
350	0.5701	3,168.1	7.6345
400	0.6173	3,272.3	7.7954
450	0.6642	3,377.7	7.9464
500	0.7109	3,484.4	8.0891
600	0.8041	3,702.5	8.3543
700	0.8970	3,927.0	8.5977
800	0.9897	4,158.4	8.8240

10.0 bar · saturation 179.89 °C
T °C	v m³/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kg·K
179.89 sat.	0.1943	2,777.1	6.5850
200	0.2060	2,828.3	6.6955
250	0.2327	2,943.2	6.9266
300	0.2580	3,051.7	7.1247
350	0.2825	3,158.2	7.3028
400	0.3066	3,264.4	7.4668
450	0.3304	3,371.2	7.6198
500	0.3541	3,479.0	7.7640
600	0.4011	3,698.6	8.0309
700	0.4478	3,924.1	8.2755
800	0.4944	4,156.1	8.5024

20.0 bar · saturation 212.38 °C
T °C	v m³/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kg·K
212.38 sat.	0.09958	2,798.4	6.3392
250	0.1115	2,903.2	6.5474
300	0.1255	3,024.3	6.7685
350	0.1386	3,137.6	6.9582
400	0.1512	3,248.2	7.1290
450	0.1635	3,358.1	7.2863
500	0.1757	3,468.1	7.4335
600	0.1996	3,690.7	7.7042
700	0.2233	3,918.2	7.9509
800	0.2467	4,151.6	8.1791

40.0 bar · saturation 250.36 °C
T °C	v m³/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kg·K
250.36 sat.	0.04978	2,800.9	6.0697
300	0.05887	2,961.7	6.3638
350	0.06647	3,093.3	6.5843
400	0.07343	3,214.4	6.7712
450	0.08004	3,331.0	6.9383
500	0.08644	3,445.8	7.0919
600	0.09886	3,674.8	7.3704
700	0.1110	3,906.4	7.6215
800	0.1229	4,142.5	7.8523

100 bar · saturation 311.00 °C
T °C	v m³/kg	h kJ/kg	s kJ/kg·K
311.00 sat.	0.01803	2,725.5	5.6159
350	0.02244	2,924.0	5.9458
400	0.02644	3,097.4	6.2139
450	0.02978	3,242.3	6.4217
500	0.03281	3,375.1	6.5993
600	0.03838	3,625.8	6.9045
700	0.04359	3,870.3	7.1696
800	0.04862	4,114.7	7.4087

Source: IAPWS R7-97(2012), Revised Release on the IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam. Values are for pure water; a guide for engineering, not a certified calculation.

How to read it

Three things to check before you read a value.

01
Absolute or gauge

Steam tables use absolute pressure. A gauge on a line reads above atmospheric pressure, so add 1.013 bar (14.7 psi) to the gauge reading before you look it up: 2 bar(g) is 3.013 bar(a).
02
Saturated or superheated

Saturated steam sits right on the boiling line, so pressure fixes temperature. Superheated steam is hotter than that and needs both values. If your temperature is above the saturation temperature for your pressure, use the superheated table.
03
Between two rows

Printed tables make you interpolate between rows. The calculator above works the exact value for any pressure or temperature in range, so you don't have to.

Steam in the plant

What the numbers mean for the hose.

121 °C · 1.04 bar(g): The classic steam sterilization (SIP) cycle in pharma and biotech: saturated steam held for 15–30 minutes.
134 °C · 2.03 bar(g): The shorter, hotter sterilization cycle, common for porous loads and equipment.
144–165 °C · 3–6 bar(g): Plant steam for cleaning, heating jackets and process lines.

A hose for steam has to be rated for the saturation temperature at its maximum pressure, not just for the pressure. Check both on the data sheet, and leave a margin for superheat after a pressure-reducing valve.

EPDM steam hoses Hoses for pharmaceutical SIP

Questions

What engineers ask about steam.

01 What is a steam table?

A table of the properties of water and steam: for each pressure or temperature it gives the saturation point, specific volume, density, enthalpy, entropy and internal energy of the liquid and the vapour. Engineers use it to size steam lines, heat exchangers and sterilization cycles.

02 What is the temperature of steam at 1 bar?

At 1 bar absolute, saturated steam is at 99.61 °C; at atmospheric pressure, 1.01325 bar, it is 99.97 °C. At 1 bar gauge (2.013 bar absolute) it is 120.4 °C.

03 What is the difference between saturated and superheated steam?

Saturated steam is in equilibrium with liquid water: its temperature is fixed by its pressure. Superheated steam has been heated beyond that point, so it carries no water droplets and its temperature and pressure are independent.

04 Why is SIP done at 121 °C?

At 121 °C saturated steam kills heat-resistant spores in a cycle of 15–30 minutes. It needs about 1.04 bar(g), 2.05 bar absolute. For 134 °C the pressure rises to about 2.03 bar(g).

05 Which formulation does the calculator use?

IAPWS-IF97, the Industrial Formulation 1997 of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam: regions 1 (liquid), 2 (steam) and 4 (saturation line). The code is checked against the verification values in the standard.

06 Can I use any hose for steam?

No. The hose must be rated for steam at the temperature that matches its pressure, with a lining that does not age in saturated steam, such as EPDM or platinum-cured silicone. Send us the duty and an engineer will recommend one.

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